
In anticipation of Tupelo Press’s forthcoming anthology project, Native Voices, I’m pleased to continue a series of posts honoring Indigenous poetry from North America.
But first, I’d like to say a few words about this exciting and necessary anthology. Tupelo Press is eager to celebrate a more complete version of the story we tell—about ourselves, our past, and what is possible in language. In this book, the first of its kind, every poet will present new poems, as well as an original essay, and a selection of resonant work chosen from previous generations of Native artists. Our anthology is intended to embody the dynamic and ongoing conversations that take place in Indigenous poetry through writerly craft across generational, geographic, and stylistic divides.
It's an honor and a delight to introduce one of our contributors, Ernestine Hayes. Alaska Writer Laureate and University of Alaska Southeast Associate Professor Ernestine Hayes belongs to the Kaagwaantaan clan of the Tlingit nation. Her first book, Blonde Indian, an Alaska Native Memoir, received an American Book Award and an Honoring Alaska Indigenous Literature (HAIL) Award, was named Native America Calling Book of the Month, and was finalist for the Kiriyama Prize and PEN Nonfiction Award. Blonde Indian was the inaugural selection for Alaska Reads, a program launched by her predecessor, Writer Laureate Frank Soos. Her works have appeared in Studies in American Indian Literature, Yellow Medicine Review, Cambridge History of Western American Literature, and other forums. Her poem “The Spoken Forest” is installed at Totem Bight State Park, and her comments on Indigenous identity are installed in the Alaska State Museum. Her latest book, The Tao of Raven, weaves narratives and reflection in the context of “Raven and the Box of Daylight.” We're thrilled to feature her hybrid text, "Shapeshifters." Enjoy!

Shapeshifters
My grandmother told me that if I saw myself on the street, I should approach and embrace the familiar shape. Her exact instructions were “Saankalyek’t, walk up and hug yourself.” The beings we might see, she explained, can present themselves in the form of those who see them.
I spent childhood summers at Hawk Inlet on the island whose name is Xootsnoowoo. I explored the forest and the beach while my grandmother and other Tlingit women worked in the cannery increasing the wealth of white man colonizers. On late evenings, shadows crept along the boardwalk between two rows of dark red cabins. Worn-down women unwrapped bandanas that had protected their hair from the raw smell of wealth sucked from the ocean, the smell of profit now headed into the pockets of white men through tins of salmon that should rather have been smoked and dried and baked and boiled on Tlingit fires. Grandmothers and aunties unpinned their now-uncovered waist-length graying hair and sat around kerosene lamps, gossiping and laughing and reminding little girls to stay inside.
Beings could be heard just outside the walls. As soon as someone sensed their nameless movement, the beings began to whisper like willow branches, whimper like dogs that still walked on four legs, grumble like wandering bears beguiled by salmon-soaked scarves. Grandmothers warned little girls that these beings might look like cousins or uncles or even themselves. There would seem no reason to suspect those beings, grandmothers instructed, but anyone who walked away with them might never come back. Anyone who did come back would not come back right away. Anyone who came back would be avoided by their loved ones. Anyone who managed to return would receive from their loved ones no more than a cautious embrace.
All the truths my grandmother declared are as plain as the world.
* * *
The Woman Who Married a Bear
“The Woman Who Married the Bear” is among the ancient stories translated in Haa Shuká, Our Ancestors, Tlingit Oral Narratives, one text in a landmark series edited and translated by Nora Marks Dauenhauer and her husband Richard Dauenhauer. The story tells of a woman who walked away with a being who presented himself to her as a handsome young man. When she came back, after giving birth, after witnessing her husband’s death, after being avoided by her loved ones, she wrapped herself in her husband’s skin and shapeshifted into a bear. Or perhaps she was a bear who had shapeshifted into human form until she covered herself with her real nature. Or perhaps she was both. Bear children slip from their mother’s womb into a pool of damp hot breath and nose themselves toward her leaking nipple, grumbling, whispering, uncaring. They don’t think to ask if they are bear, if they are human, when they will kill, when they will be killed. They suckle. They sleep.
When that woman, that bear woman, wrapped herself in her true nature, she might have raised up, she might have called for her children to follow. Her bear children, she might have called them to follow her into the forest. Eagle, bear, wolf, human: We all share life.
All the truths my grandmother declared are as plain as the world.
* * *
Land otter people
It was once said that land otter people can make themselves look like any thing of beauty. It was once believed that a sharp bite on the hand of a land otter man will reveal his nature. But no one now remembers the sweet taste of his shifted skin – skin that is flavored like blueberry blossoms salted with a vagrant’s tear. And few remain alive who thrill at a suggestion of his whereabouts. Few remain alive who are not fooled by the whisper of a willow branch. He knows he will die when no one is left to embrace him.
He fades
He fades
He walks past
Becomes invisible
He has not prevailed against those merciless gates
He prepares for death
Still longing for the sting of a bitten hand
All the truths my grandmother declared are as plain as the world.
* * *
Nora Dauenhauer begins her widely anthologized poem “How to Make Good Baked Salmon from the River” with these words:
It’s best made in dry-fish camp on a beach by a
Fish stream on sticks over an open fire, or during
Fishing, or during cannery season.
In this case, we’ll make it in the city baked in
An electric oven on a black fry pan.
Next, Dauenhauer instructs readers on the proper way to prepare fresh salmon, presenting images that rise from our place – alder wood, skunk cabbage leaves, ravens, fresh berries – followed by contemporary images that continue the tradition – paper plates, plastic forks, coffee and beer. With elegant craft, Dauenhauer subtly teaches us that traditions are not confined to the past, but are living, breathing, alive. This lesson is true for baking salmon, for telling stories, and for all the beliefs we cautiously embrace.
All the truths my grandmother declared are as plain as the world.
* * *
How to Make Good Baked Salmon from the River
By Nora Dauenhauer
It's best made in dry-fish camp on a beach by a
fish stream on sticks over an open fire, or during
fishing, or during cannery season.
In this case, we'll make it in the city baked in
an electric oven on a black fry pan.
INGREDIENTS
Barbecue sticks of alder wood.
In this case, the oven will do.
Salmon: River salmon, current supermarket cost
$4.99 a pound.
In this case, salmon poached from river.
Seal oil or olachen oil.
In this case, butter or Wesson oil, if available.
DIRECTIONS
To butcher, split head up the jaw. Cut through,
remove gills. Split from throat down the belly.
Gut, but make sure you toss all to the seagulls and
the ravens because they're your kin, and make sure
you speak to them while you're feeding them.
Then split down along the back bone and through
the skin. Enjoy how nice it looks when it's split.
Push stake through flesh and skin like pushing
a needle through cloth, so that it hangs on stakes
while cooking over fire made from alder wood.
Then sit around and watch the slime on the salmon
begin to dry out. Notice how red the flesh is,
and how silvery the skin looks. Watch and listen
to the grease crackle, and smell its delicious
aroma drifting around on a breeze.
Mash some fresh berries to go along for dessert.
Pour seal oil in with a little water. Set aside.
In this case, put the poached salmon in a fry pan.
Smell how good it smells while it's cooking,
because it's soooooooo important.
Cut up an onion. Put in a small dish. Notice how
nice this smells too and how good it will taste.
Cook a pot of rice to go along with salmon. Find
some soy sauce to put on rice, maybe borrow some.
In this case, think about how nice the berries would
have been after the salmon, but open a can of fruit
cocktail instead.
Then go out by the cool stream and get some skunk
cabbage, because it's biodegradable, to serve the
salmon from. Before you take back the skunk cabbage
you can make a cup out of one to drink from the
cool stream.
In this case, plastic forks paper plates and cups will do, and
drink cool water from the faucet.
TO SERVE
After smelling smoke and fish and watching the
cooking, smelling the skunk cabbage and the berries
mixed with seal oil, when the salmon is done, put
the salmon on stakes on the skunk cabbage and pour
some seal oil over it and watch the oil run into
the nice cooked flakey flesh which has now turned
pink.
Shoo mosquitoes off the salmon, and shoo the ravens
away, but don't insult them because the mosquitoes
are known to be the ashes of the cannibal giant,
and Raven is known to take off with just about
anything.
In this case, dish out on paper plates from fry pan.
Serve to all relatives and friends you have invited
to the barbecue and those who love it.
And think how good it is that we have good spirits
that still bring salmon and oil.
TO EAT
Everyone knows that you can eat just about every
part of the salmon, so I don't have to tell you
that you start with the head because it's everyone's
favorite. You take it apart bone by bone, but make
sure you don't miss the eyes, the cheeks, the nose,
and the very best part–the jawbone.
You start on the mandible with a glottalized
alveolar fricative action as expressed in the Tlingit
verb als'oos'.
Chew on the tasty, crispy skins before you start
on the bones. Eeeeeeeeeeeee!! How delicious.
Then you start on the body by sucking on the fins
with the same action. Include crispy skins, then
the meat with grease dripping all over it.
Have some cool water from the stream with the salmon.
In this case, water from the faucet will do.
Enjoy how the water tastes sweeter with salmon.
When done, toss the bones to the ravens and
seagulls and mosquitoes, but don't throw them in
the salmon stream because the salmon have spirits
and don't like to see the remains of their kin
among them in the stream.
In this case, put bones in plastic bag to put
in dumpster.
Now settle back to a story telling session, while
someone feeds the fire.
In this case, small talk and jokes with friends
will do while you drink beer. If you shouldn't
drink beer, tea or coffee will do nicely.
Gunalcheesh for coming to my barbecue.
* * *
The Spoken Forest
Brown bear dances in the dark in the dark forest in the night to the remembered melody of a happy song his mother once heard her grandmother hum—the nearly lost memory of a song meant for this time of the night, to take away our grief, to help us laugh again, to set the bear surely to spin beneath the darkly spinning stars.
He knows winter when he sees it when he smells snow making the air fat with promises of sleep he knows he can eat fat that will burn his fires in the night in the dark night and warm his cave of dreams where his breath steams the air that carries our unforgotten songs our unremembered dances our unsaved prayers.
Spruce and hemlock whisper one to another. Our history our histories our story our stories our memory our memories our life our lives who we are what we are how we are where we are spruce and hemlock watch as we hurry to places with no sun no rain no humans they tenderly fold us into their whispers knowing that in the next days in the next generations in the next worlds our stories will be the at.oow they bring out to display to us their opposites when they host memorials for our impeccable purpose.
Land otter man uses his cell phone on the bus
When I look at him I know: This kooshdakaa has wrapped himself as human.
Human, yes. But … different in some way. Different in some ways. In the way his black hair lies flat straight back from his flat wide forehead. In his strict posture, his barrel chest. His always-shined shoes. His surprising, high voice. In the way his lip remembers the adornments his grandmothers wore when they were still those innocent girls before dleitkaa came to tell them they were dirty.
The Spoken Forest
I was thinking about the forest one day
and it came to me—
our stories,
our songs,
our names,
our history,
our memories
are not lost.
All these riches are being kept for us
by our aunties, our uncles,
our grandparents, our relatives—
those namesakes who walk and dance
wearing robes that make them seem like bears
and wolves.
Our loved ones.
Those beings who live in the spoken forest.
They are holding everything for us.
All the truths my grandmother declared are as plain as the world.
Portions of "The Spoken Forest" have appeared in Tidal Echoes and Poems in Place Alaska.
"How to Make Good Baked Salmon from the River" appears in Nora Dauenhauer's book The Droning Shaman.
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